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Bock, Hieronymus.

Kreuter büch. Darinn onderscheidt namen und würckung der kreutter… Straszburg: W. Rihel, 1551.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.

Hieronymus Bock's (1498 - 1554) first edition of his Kreuterbuch in 1539 was not illustrated. Although he could not afford illustrations, Bock was thoughtful enough and a pioneer in providing clear, detailed descriptions of the plants. (1) The 365 woodcuts in the second edition of 1546 were by self-taught illustrator David Kandel. Many of them were copied or adapted from illustrations used in the herbals of Brunfels and Fuchs. (2) This copy is the third edition of 1551.

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Bock uniquely wrote about local German plants and did not try to rely on Dioscorides and other authorities to identify useful plants. The woodcuts, likewise, are famous for depicting local interest and folklore of these plants. Blunt notes, "We see, for example, peasants dancing to the tunes of the bagpipes beneath the shade of a lime, and the intoxicated Noah and his sons beneath a canopy of vines." (3)

Frank Anderson judges him, "Bock was an amateur botanist, largely self-taught and completely self-reliant, but his accomplishments moved the study of plants closer to a science of botany than any individual had done since Theophrastus wrote his Enquiry into Plants in the 4th century B.C." (4) Bock's herbal became very popular, outselling the herbals of both Brunfels and Fuchs.

(1) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p. 132.
(2) ibid., p. 134.
(3) Blunt, Wilfrid and Sandra Raphael. The illustrated herbal. New York: Thomas and Hudson/Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1979. p. 132.
(4) Anderson, p. 136.

Brunfels, Otto.

Herbarum vivae eicons. Illustrated by Hans Weiditz. Strassburgh: J. Schott, 1530-36.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.

As Wilfrid Blunt remarks, the fame of the author of botanical books frequently eclipsed that of the illustrator. It certainly is the case for Otto Brunfels (1488 - 1534) and his brilliant artist, Hans Weiditz. As Claus Nissen states, "It was not the author but Hans Weiditz, the illustrator, who determined the order and rate of progress of the enterprise, with the result that the intended arrangement of the book according to plant families could not be adhered to. The artist, too, was responsible for an all too objective approach: it was not the botanist who called for the exact reproduction of chance damage and other accidental features of plant specimens." (1)

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Because of how the artists produced their work, Brunfels was obliged to include works he had not intended. For example, the "pasque-flower (Pulsatilla vulgaris); little could he have guessed that this exquisite woodcut, which he would have preferred to exclude, would today be remembered for its beauty - and, incidentally, as the original type picture of a Linnaean species." (2)

Wilfrid Blunt judges, "Though the woodcuts do not all show the same excellence, there is uniform honesty of purpose throughout. Weiditz accepted Nature as he found her. Was a leaf torn, insect-damaged or drooping, a flower withered- he observed the fact with the cold eye of the realist and recorded it with the precision of a true craftsman. Nevertheless Weiditz never wantonly sacrificed beauty to mere scientific accuracy; the poet in him always triumphed, the artist in him always prevailed. His work must ever remain the high-water mark of woodcutting employed in the service of botanical illustration." (3)

Judged critically for his text, Brunfels, according to Frank Anderson, makes two lasting contributions: "One was the arena for Weiditz's art; the other was the inspiration for the first 'scientific' herbal, that of Hieronymous Bock." (4) (Brunfels greatly encouraged Bock in his efforts to produce his herbal.)

(1) Nissen, Claus. Herbals of five centuries; 50 original leaves from German, French, Dutch, English, Italian, and Swiss herbals, with an introduction and bibliography. Munchen: L-Art Ancien S.A. Zurich. 1958. p. 42.
(2) Blunt, Wilfrid and Sandra Raphael. The illustrated herbal. New York: Thomas and Hudson/Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1979. p. 121.
(3) Blunt, Wilfred. The art of botanical illustration. London: Collins. (New edition by Wilfred Blunt and William T. Stearn. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors Club, 1994.) 1950. p. 62.
(4) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p. 129.

Dodoens, Rembert.

A nievve herball, or, Historie of plantes…Translated by Henry Lyte. London: Gerard Dewes, 1578.
Andersen Horticultural Library.

Known also by his Latinized name, Dodonaeus, Rembert Dodoens (1517 - 1585) is called the first great botanist in the Spanish Netherlands. His herbal, Cruydeboeck, published in Flemish in 1554 made extensive use of illustrations from Leonhart Fuchs's octavo edition of De Historia Stirpium (1545).

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This first English edition, A Nievve Herball, or Historie of Plantes, was translated by Henry Lyte from the French edition (Histoire des Plantes). Dodoens and his fellow countrymen Clusius and L'Obel were instrumental in advancing interest in botanical classification. Frank Anderson quotes Dodoens, "The flower we call the joy of trees and plants. It is the hope of fruits to come, for every growing thing, according to its nature, produces offspring and fruit after the flower. But flowers have their own special parts." Anderson comments, "Thus, standing on the brink of discovering the sexuality of plants, he [Dodoens] failed to take the next step that would have brought him even greater fame." (1)

Stanley Johnston states the woodcuts in A Nievve Herball were previously used in the Flemish and French editions, with some additions. He also identifies the copy in hand as the second issue of the first edition. (2) Dodoens is commemorated by Linnaeus in Dodonaea, a genus of about 70 species of trees and shrubs in the family Sapindaceae, occuring primarily in Australia.

(1) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p 178.
(2) Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical and horticultural collections. Kent Ohio: Kent State University Press. 1992. p 105.

Dorsten, Theodoric (Dietrich Dorsten).

Botanicon, continens herbarum, aliorumque simplicium, quorum usus in medicinis est, descriptiones, & iconas ad uiuum effigiatas…Aut. Theodorico Dorstenio. Francoforti, C. Egenolphus excudebat [1540].
Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine

The Frankfurt publisher, Egenolph, issued a revised edition of Der Gart der Gesundheit in 1533, of which Dr. Theodoric Dorsten (1492 - 1552), Professor of Medicine and doctor, excerpted the herbal portion, re-edited it and translated it into Latin in the present work, Botanicon.

Dr. Stanley Johnston lists 323 woodcuts of plants or plant products therein. (1)

(1) Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical and horticultural collections. Kent Ohio: Kent State University Press. 1992. p 50.

Fuchs, Leonhart.

De historia stirpium commentarii insignes…Basileae, in officina Isingriniana, 1542.
Andersen Horticultural Library and Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.

One of the three "German Fathers of Botany," along with Otto Brunfels and Hieronymus Bock, (1) Leonhart Fuchs (1501 - 1566) was born in 1501 in Bavaria. He attended the Universities of Erfurt and Ingolstadt, became a doctor, and taught medicine at the University of Tubingen for most of his life. He gained widespread fame for his medical work during the virulent sweating sickness epidemic of 1529. He is immortalized in the plant and color known as "fuchsia."

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Fuchs's famous herbal, De Historia Stirpium, was first published in 1542. "The truly important thing about Fuchs's herbal is not his text, scholarly as it may be, but rather the illustrations that he obtained for it. They were done under the close supervision of Fuchs himself. The artists that Fuchs chose to do his illustrations were the best available in Basel, and their skill is evident in the 509 cuts that they created."(2) Much to Fuchs's vexation, many of the woodcuts were pirated and used in several later publications (as late as 1774!), including William Turner's New Herball. De Historia Stirpium was later offered in German (New Kreuterbuch), English (New Herbal), and Dutch (Den nieuwen Herbarius). Dr. Fuchs spent the next 24 years working on a three-volume manuscript (dubbed the "Vienna Codex") intended to update De Historia Stirpium, but which was never published. The extant manuscript is held by the Austrian National Library.

Fuchs wrote: "I do not need to expound at length the pleasure and delight that the knowledge of plants brings, since there is no one who does not know that there is nothing in life more pleasant and delightful than to wander through the woods, and over mountains and meadows, garlanded and adorned with these varied, exquisite blossoms and herbs, and to gaze at them with keen eyes. This pleasure and delight is increased not a little if an understanding of their usefulness and powers is added. For there is as much pleasure and enjoyment in learning as in looking." (3)

Claus Nissen aptly states, "His aim was obviously to show the complete life of a plant in one illustration, primarily the blossoms in all their stages from the bud to the ripe fruit as well as the leaves in their various stages of growth. The figures which Albrecht Meyer and Heinrich Fullmaurer had created under strict supervision certainly surpass those of Weiditz [in Brunfels] in usefulness for botanical study." (4)

The University of Minnesota Libraries is fortunate to have in their collections two colored copies of the first edition of Fuchs's herbal - most copies are found in their uncolored state. It is instructive to be able to compare such copies side by side. Fuchs's portrait pictures him in his doctor's robes with a fox fur collar ('fuchs' is German for fox.) His flat hat was of a style worn by University doctors of his time.

1) Johnston, Stanley H. Cleveland-s treasures from the world of botanical literature. Wilmington Ohio: Orange Frazer Press. 1998. p. 6.
(2) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. pp. 140-145.
(3) Meyer, Frederick, Emily Emmart Trueblood and John L. Heller. The great herbal of Leonhart Fuchs. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1999. vol 1, p. 47.
(4) Nissen, Claus. Herbals of five centuries; 50 original leaves from German, French, Dutch, English, Italian, and Swiss herbals, with an introduction and bibliography. Munchen: L-Art Ancien S.A. Zurich. 1958. p. 43.

Gerard, John.

The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plants. London: J. Norton, 1597-98.
Andersen Horticultural Library.

The Herball. Enlarged and revised by T. Johnson. London: A. Islip, J. Norton and R. Whitakers, 1633.
Andersen Horticultural Library.

This hugely popular English herbal of John Gerard's (1545 - 1612) is described by Wilfrid Blunt in less than glowing terms, "The truth is that its text is largely unoriginal and often corrupt, and its woodcuts, with very few exceptions, appropriated from the usual Continental sources." (1) The text includes the (in)famous description of the barnacle goose ("There are founde in the north parts of Scotland, & the Ilands adiacent, called Orchades, certaine trees, whereon doe growe certaine shell fishes, of a white colour tending to russet; wherein are conteined little liuing creatures; which shels in time of maturitie doe open, and out of them grow those little liuing things; which falling into the water, doe become foules." p 1391 of the 1st edition.)

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But as Eleanour Rohde aptly stated: "One reads his critics with the respect due to their superior learning, and then returns to Gerard's Herbal with the comfortable sensation of slipping away from a boring sermon into the pleasant spaciousness of an old-fashioned fairy-tale. For the majority of us are not scientific, nor do we care very much about being instructed. What we like is to read about daffodils and violets and gilliflowers and rosemary and thyme and all the other delicious old-fashioned English flowers. And when we can read about them in the matchless Elizabethan English we ask nothing more." (2)

Stanley Johnston cites 2144 woodcuts (only 16 original, one being the first of a potato), an engraved title page ("one of only nineteen engraved English title pages recorded as having been published in the sixteenth century") and an engraved portrait. (3) Dr. Johnston cites the 2nd edition as having 2791 woodcuts, most of which are botanicals published by Plantin. (4) This edition was much enlarged and revised by Thomas Johnson and published in 1633.

(1) Blunt, Wilfrid and Sandra Raphael. The illustrated herbal. New York: Thomas and Hudson/Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1979. p. 164.
(2)Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair. The old English herbals. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1922. pp. 98-99.
(3) Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical and horticultural collections. Kent Ohio: Kent State University Press. 1992. p. 128.
(4) Ibid., p. 171.

Le Grant Herbier en Francoys.

On les vend a Paris: En la rue neufue nostre Dame a lenseigne de lescue de France [Colophon: Alain Lotrain], [1535?] Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine

Le Grant Herbier is a later edition of the first French herbal, Arbolayre, which was published by Pierre Metlinger at Besancon in 1486-1488.

Frank Anderson in An Illustrated History of the Herbals states, "Its purpose was to inform both laymen and physicians about medicinal preparations and how to administer them… Its only translation was into English as the Grete Herball, which differs frequently from its model." Anderson continues, "Over 20 16th-century editions are recorded. All have smaller, cruder versions of the same illustrations set in black-line frames. All are quite rare." Anderson also notes that most versions of Le Grant Herbier contain about 474 chapters, of which 264 were taken from a 12th-century work, the Circa instans, believed to be produced by Matthaeus Platearius of the School of Salerno. (1)

(1) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. pp. 98-99, 105.

Herbarius: Incipit tractatus de virtutibus herbarum

see Incipit tractatus...

Hortus sanitatus

see Ortus sanitatus.

Incipit tractatus de virtutibus herbarum.

Venetiis: Impressum per Christophorum de Pensis, 1502.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.

This anonymous compilation of classical, medieval and Arabic sources is an Italian edition of the Latin Herbarius, originally published in Mainz, Germany in 1484 by German printer Peter Schoeffer (the first herbal published in Germany.) It is perhaps the third Italian edition, following editions published in 1491 and 1499. The 1491 edition had a woodcut representing Arnoldus de Villa Nova, a 13th century physician, discussing plants with the Arabian physician, Avicenna. In later editions the caption was mistakenly retained when the illustration was removed, causing great confusion as to the authorship of the work. (1) The woodcuts are based on the German edition, but were newly designed and cut for the Italian editions, providing 'a different and more attractive set of figures … to illustrate the text,' according to Agnes Arber. (2) Schoeffer's Latin Herbarius was soon published in many of the major European languages. Its title here can be translated as 'Here starts a treatise on the virtues of herbs'.

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The German printer, Peter Schoeffer, was an associate of Gutenberg and produced his herbal for those who did not have access to a doctor. As Arber writes, "The descriptions and figures of the herbs are arranged alphabetically. All the plants discussed were natives of Germany or in cultivation there, and the object of the work seems to have been to help the reader to the use of cheap and easily obtained remedies, in cases of illness or accident." (3)

Wilfrid Blunt considers this herbal as "possibly a miscellany made a century or so earlier than its first printing, though no manuscript of that period has as yet come to light." He describes the woodcuts as "for the most part symmetrical and show little understanding of the structure of the plants. They are certainly decorative, though in some cases little more than diagrams and clearly not made direct from nature; but their source is not known." (4)

(1) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p. 84.
(2) Arber, Agnes Robertson. Herbals: Their origin and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
(3) ibid., 1938. p. 22.
(4) Blunt, Wilfrid and Sandra Raphael. The illustrated herbal. New York: Thomas and Hudson/Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1979. pp. 114-15.

L’Obel, Matthias de.

Plantarum seu stirpium historia / Matthiae de Lobel Insulani ; Cui annexum est adversariorum volumen ; Reliqua sequens pagina indicabit. Antverpiae : Ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1576. Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.

Matthias de l-Obel (1538 - 1616) (also known as Matthias Lobel, or Lobelius) was a Flemish botanist who worked throughout Western Europe. Plantarum seu stirpium historia was published by the famous printer, Plantin, who had compiled a remarkable number of botanical images. Dr. Johnston counts 1471 woodcuts in this work. He states they also were used by Plantin to illustrate the works of other Flemish botanists, l-Ecluse (or Clusius) and Dodoens. (1)

L-Obel made over 1,000 corrections in the first edition of Gerard-s Herball. However, Gerard became impatient with the editing process and stopped L-Obel-s work, publishing the Herball 'errors and all,' according to Anderson. (2) Perhaps l-Obel-s greatest claim to fame is his classification of plants based primarily on leaf structure, which featured in his Stirpium adversaria nova of 1570. This was a major advancement over previous classifications. (3)

(1) Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical and horticultural collections. Kent Ohio: Kent State University Press. 1992. p. 101.
(2) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p. 224.
(3) Arber, Agnes Robertson. Herbals: Their origin and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1938. p. 176.

Lonitzer, Adam.

Herbarum, arborum, fruticum, frumentorum ac leguminum.Francoforti: apud C. Egenolphum, 1546.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Medicine and Biology.

Adam Lonitzer (1528 - 1586) (also known as Adam Lonicer, or Lonicerus) is most famous for the pictorial work Kreutterbuch (or Kreuterbuch) first published in 1557. The Kreutterbuch contains 265 pages of hand-colored illustrations with an index in German and Latin. It "cannot be called a new or independent work in any sense,"(1) being a reworking of previous publications, notably Rösslin's herbal, along with some of Lonitzer's own contributions.

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Many of the illustrations are "borrowed" from works by Brunfels, Fuchs, and others. However, many of the 20-plus editions of Kreutterbuch employed transparent washes of color in the illustrations rather than the traditional opaque pigments, thus enabling better viewing of the underlying lines of the woodcuts.

Lonitzer married into the publishing house of Christian Egenolph in 1553, which subsequently profited for many years from printings of his Kreutterbuch. Frank Anderson cites the popularity of this herbal, "In fact, from its first appearance in 1533 as Rösslin's herbal it enjoyed good sales and repeated printings until 1783, a run of 250 years."(1)

Linnaeus honored Lonitzer by naming the honeysuckle genus, Lonicera, after him.

(1) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p 157.

Macer, Floridus.

De Herbarum virtutibus Aemilii Macri Veronensis elegantissima poësis…Basileae: Impressum per Henricum Petri, 1559.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Medicine and Biology.

Herbaru vires Macer tibi carmie dicet. [1522].
Wangensteen Historical Library of Medicine and Biology.

The identity of the author of the 1522 and 1559 editions of this work on medicinal plants has been variously given as the Aemilius Macer mentioned by Ovid, who died in 16 BCE, or as Odo, Bishop of Meung (near Loire) from the 11th century. Most likely Macer Floridus is a pseudonym of the Bishop.

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The text of this herbal is presented as a poem in Latin hexameters describing the medicinal properties of herbs. Stanley Johnston states it was published in poetic form as a mnemonic aid for physicians. (1) An edition published in 1477 (not illustrated) has been described as the first printed herbal. The first illustrated version was published in 1482. Different editions of the work vary in the number of plants covered and in supplementary material included.

The 1522 edition described here (first printed in 1509) is supplemented by prose commentary from Guilielmus Gueroaldus, a professor of medicine at Caen at the end of the 15th century. Schoolmaster and physician Georg Pictorius (Jorg Maler) first published his edition of this herbal in 1559, included here.

Frank Anderson notes a usage of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) in An Illustrated History of Herbals, 'Macer directs the user to dig up groundsel without using an iron tool, then touch the plant three times to the aching tooth, spitting on the ground each time. Following this ritual the plant is replaced in the soil so it will continue growing, and as long as it lives the tooth will cease to ache.' Anderson also identifies the woodcut on the title page as a generic illustration of St. Jerome, not a portrait of Macer as is generally believed. The animal at his feet is a miniaturized figure of a lion whose paw the saint healed. (2)

(1) Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical and horticultural collections. Kent Ohio: Kent State University Press. 1992. p. 24.
(2) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p. 33-34.

Mattioli, Pietro Andrea.

Petri Andreae Matthioli senensis medici Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis…Venetijs: in officiana Erasmiana, apud Vincentium Vlgrisium, 1554.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Medicine and Biology.

New Kreüterbuch and Von Distillier und Brennöfen. Prague: G. Melantrich & V. Valgrisi, 1563.
Andersen Horticultural Library.

Two editions of Pier Andrea Mattioli-s (1500 - 1577) famous herbal (1554 and 1563) are included in this exhibit to show the two different states of the woodcuts that were used in this landmark work. Wangensteen Historical Library has other editions of Mattioli-s herbal. The woodcuts used to illustrate the first Latin edition (1554) were smaller and enjoy much finer detail (the Hunt Catalog states they were 'fairly mediocre ones used in Mattioli-s earlier works' (1), while the woodcuts used in the first German edition (1563) are large and much more dramatic.

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Often, large woodcuts of plants were designed to fill the page artistically with less concern for representing true aspects of the plants. Wilfrid Blunt states, 'The Mattioli woodcuts are somewhat commonplace; yet the phenomenal success of the venture can be gauged from the fact that more than thirty thousand copies of the early editions are said to have been sold. In all, more than forty editions were published… Inaccurate figures occur both in the large and the small editions, and were presumably passed by Mattioli, who kept no specimens to check.' (2)

Mattioli was an Italian physician who became interested in, and even obsessed with, the 1st century work of the Greek physician, Dioscorides. Mattioli-s works made him famous and allowed him to become the physician to Archduke Ferdinand I and to the Emperor Maximilian II. Mattioli died of the plague in1577.

1) Hunt, Rachel McMasters Miller. Catalogue of botanical books in the collection of Rachel McMasters Miller Hunt. Compiled by Jane Quinby. 3 vols. Pittsburgh: Hunt Botanical Library. 1958-. p. 100.
2) Blunt, Wilfred. The art of botanical illustration. London: Collins. (New edition by Wilfred Blunt and William T. Stearn. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors Club, 1994.) 1950. pp. 73, 76.

Ortus sanitatus.

Moguntiae: J. Mayenbach, 1491.
Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine.

The 1491 Ortus Sanitatus was printed anonymously in Mainz, although it is generally recognized to be a compilation either by or for its printer, Jacob Meydenbach. Each of its more than 1,000 chapters (including many on animals, birds, fish and minerals) is introduced by a woodcut. Many of the woodcuts of plants were copied from the German Herbarius of 1485. Frank Anderson considered this herbal to have 'provided the most glorious of sunsets for the medieval herbal, outdoing all other works of its age in the scope of its concepts… [and] because it bears the date 1491 it was the last European work to antedate plant and animal introductions from the Americas.' (1)

(1) Anderson, Frank J., ed. German book illustration through 1500: Herbals through 1500. New York: Abaris Books. vol. 1, 1983. p. 143.
(2) Shaffer, Ellen. The garden of health: An account of two herbals, the gart der gesundheit and the hortus sanitatis. San Francisco: Book Club of California. 1957. p. 1.

Turner, William.

Herbal and Booke of the Bath. Cologne: A. Birckman, 1568.
Andersen Horticultural Library.
Wilfrid Blunt writes that William Turner (1508? - 1568), a 'physician, divine and the father of British botany,- was a cantankerous Protestant whose violently proclaimed views involved him in long exiles abroad.' (1) During his exiles on the continent, Turner became acquainted with major botanists and naturalists and conversant with their writings and work. His Herbal, sometimes referred to as A New Herball, includes the first scientific record of British plants (more than 200) and as Johnston notes, the work is important as the first herbal written in English and produced by an Englishman (3). Many of these plants were named for the first time by Turner. The Herbal was published in three parts, issued in 1551, 1562, and 1568.

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Frank Anderson notes, 'He cautioned against overuse of any herb, being a moderate as a doctor if not as a divine, and offered a most unusual remedy for an overdose of opium: if the pacient be to much slepi put stynkynge thynges unto hys nose to waken hym therewith.-' (2) Stanley Johnston identifies the woodcuts as close copies of those used in the smaller format edition of Fuchs-s De Historia Stirpium of 1545. (3)

(1) Blunt, Wilfrid and Sandra Raphael. The illustrated herbal. New York: Thomas and Hudson/Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1979. p. 163.
(2) Anderson, Frank J. An illustrated history of the herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. p. 153.
(3) Johnston, Stanley H. The Cleveland herbal, botanical and horticultural collections. Kent Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 89.